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Disseration Defense: Julie Shedd
Is All News Good News: Media Coverage of Terrorism
Tuesday, June 25th
1:00PM - 3:00PM
Foundation Building, Conference Room 5183
Abstract:
This research used a series of qualitative measurements of media coverage to investigate how differences in characteristics of a terrorist related event correlate with qualitative differences in media coverage. The first part of this study was to determine if there were ways in which differences in the quality of coverage could be measured, and we found that there are. Three variables showed significant differences in coverage. Coverage differed in the structure of the news account- whose shoes the reader enter the story in. The differences between entering through the victim, the perpetrator or the context have been correlated by Cerulo (1998) with different messages of legitimacy. Victim sequences signal deviant (illegitimate violence), perpetrator sequences signal legitimate violence and contextual sequences signal ambiguous violence. Coverage also differed in the extent that an article provided contextual information or focused strictly on the details of the event. Providing contextual information is important for terrorist groups because it includes information on the grievances of the group as well as the history of the conflict. This variable was measured as an episodic or thematic frame.
Explanations of motivation for participation in terrorism also differed based on characteristics of an event. As with contextual coverage, presenting themes of causation or motivation for the account is a way for terrorist groups to present grievances and history of the conflict. Combining these three variables into a favorable coverage variable helped makes sense of competing trends in the data. This first section set up a system for evaluating the impact qualitatively on media coverage of choices that terrorist groups make. What stands out is a paradox for a terrorist group around the use of violence. Both here and in other studies, violence has been shown to be an effective means of getting through the media gatekeeping and achieving coverage, but it is also associated with a decrease in favorable coverage. Number of casualties is also negatively associated with favorable coverage. Hence the paradox, in order to achieve coverage, based on criteria of newsworthiness, violence may often be necessary, but it actually decreases the number of articles presenting the kind of information terrorist groups want to get across.
Looking at the paired cases, what was most significant was the lack of change before and after events, in terms of the favorability of coverage. The implication is that while terrorist groups may have some control over whether or not their actions get covered, media organizations develop fairly resilient patterns for covering those actions, irrespective of the nature of the action. Terrorist groups essentially have less capacity to actually manipulate the type of coverage they receive than is commonly understood. While there were some very small effects, the quality of coverage immediately following an event is essentially the same as before it. Where the differences lie, is in the actual amount of coverage. While short term impacts were slight, there are substantial differences both in quantity and quality over the life of the conflict, it this is probably where there is traction in evaluating a group’s media strategy.